Heart and Cardiac Valves

Source: William Harvey, De Motu Cordis, 1628; Otto Frank, 1895; Ernest Starling, 1914 Institution: Multiple

Finding

The mammalian heart contains four valves that enforce unidirectional blood flow. They are passive mechanical structures: open under pressure gradients, closed when flow attempts to reverse. Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae prevent valve inversion. When valves fail (regurgitation), blood flows backward and the system degrades through compensatory enlargement leading to heart failure. The Frank-Starling mechanism matches cardiac output to venous return: the heart pumps exactly as much as it receives, no more.

Pattern Mapping

Honesty — The valves enforce a structural constraint where blood can only flow in the direction it claims to flow. Regurgitation is literally the failure of this honesty. There is no ambiguity: forward or closed.

Alignment — The heart’s stated function (circulating oxygenated blood) and its actual mechanism (unidirectional pumping) are consistent at every level.

Proportion — Cardiac output adjusts to metabolic demand through Frank-Starling. The heart pumps exactly as much as venous return provides. Overcompensation (pathological hypertrophy) is the disease, not the function.

Connections

Status

Textbook anatomy and physiology (Guyton & Hall, 14th ed.). Frank-Starling law established 1895/1914. No controversy.


The mapping to the five properties is this project’s structural interpretation.